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Hardening in botany is the process by which an individual plant becomes tolerant to the effects of freezing during a period of weeks to months. It is a three-stage process. During the first stage, carbohydrates are translocated to the roots of the plant and cell membrane permeability increases. By the end of the first stage, the plant will be able to tolerate temperatures from −5 to −10 °C. In the second stage, cell membranes are chemically altered, and this process will allow plants to survive temperatures of −20 °C. In the third stage, which occurs in plants that survive at temperatures as low as −50 °C, vitrification may occur. ==See also== *Antifreeze protein *Cryopreservation *Cryobiology *Cold hardening 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Hardening (botany)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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